亚特兰大-亚特兰大(美联社)唐纳德·特朗普坚持认为，近1000页的美国政府和社会强硬右转蓝图“2025项目”并没有反映出他对白宫喝采的优先考虑。
“我没读过。这位共和党总统候选人9月10日在电视上说:“我不想故意读它。”辩论阶段.
然而，从经济、移民和教育政策到民权和外交事务，他们之间有着共同的理念和共同的意识形态2025项目特朗普的另一个任期的大纲——来自他的官方“议程47”slate，他个人认可的共和党政纲以及他的其他声明。
也有不同之处:由传统基金会牵头、许多曾在特朗普政府工作或与特朗普政府合作的保守派撰写的《2025年项目》(Project 2025)在一些问题上比前总统提供了更多细节。
让我们看看特朗普的2024年竞选和2025年项目是如何协调和偏离的:
特朗普:他的税收政策总体上向企业和较富裕的美国人倾斜。这主要是因为他承诺延长2017年的改革，同时将企业税率从目前的21%降至15%。他还将终止《通货膨胀削减法案》中为应对气候变化的能源措施提供资金的税收。除了这些想法，特朗普更加强调他针对美国工人和中产阶级的计划:对赚取的小费、社会保障金和加班工资免征所得税。然而，他关于小费的提议可能会给顶级工薪阶层一个后门税收优惠，允许他们将一些薪酬重新归类为小费收入——这种前景在最极端的情况下，可能会看到对冲基金经理或顶级律师利用特朗普制定的一项条款，作为对餐厅服务员、调酒师和其他服务人员的帮助。
项目2025:该文件比特朗普走得更远，要求两种联邦所得税税率——15%和30%——同时取消大部分扣除和抵免。它设想通过调整支付社会保障和医疗保险的工资税，对“超出标准扣除额的工资收入征收近乎持平的税”。一个有效的联邦统一税将增加较贫困和中产阶级美国人支付的总税收份额。这是因为许多以交易税和较低所得税为支柱的州和地方税法，比目前的联邦所得税等级更具累退性。2025项目还呼吁要求国会三分之二的投票来提高未来的公司或个人所得税。
特朗普:“建墙!”从2016年开始已经成为创造“历史上最大的大规模驱逐计划。”特朗普呼吁招募国民警卫队和警察，尽管他没有说他将如何确保他们只针对美国非法的人。他对潜在的入境者进行“意识形态筛选”，并终止出生公民权(这可能需要修改宪法)。他还表示，他将重新制定第一任期的政策，如“留在墨西哥”，以公共健康为由限制移民，并严格限制或禁止来自某些穆斯林占多数的国家的移民。总的来说，他的方法不仅会打击非法移民，还会完全限制移民。
项目2025:有一系列详细的提案，涉及各种美国移民法规、行政部门规则以及与其他国家的协议——例如，减少难民、工作签证接受者和寻求庇护者的数量。或许2025项目最具启发性的声明是它呼吁恢复特朗普2017-2021年任期内“发布的所有与移民有关的规则”。
特朗普:他将监管削减视为经济万灵药。他承诺通过消除化石燃料生产的减速带，包括开放所有联邦土地进行勘探，大幅降低美国家庭的公用事业账单。(在美国总统乔·拜登(Joe Biden)的领导下，美国能源生产和出口创下历史新高。)特朗普承诺通过削减监管来增加住房存量，尽管大多数建设规则来自州和地方政府。
两个广泛的提议和想法脱颖而出:第一个是将数以千计的联邦工作人员归类为公务员保护之外，从而使解雇他们变得更加容易。这几乎肯定会通过减少从事这项工作的雇员人数来削弱政府执行法规和规则的权力。第二是特朗普断言，尽管国会拥有拨款权，但总统拥有控制联邦支出的专属权力。特朗普认为，立法者对支出“设定了上限”，而不是下限——这意味着总统“忠实执行法律”的宪法义务赋予了他是否花钱的自由裁量权。
项目2025:作者多次呼吁总统、内阁和其他政治任命者削减法规，对联邦雇员进行重新分类，使他们更容易解雇，减少“不负责任的联邦支出”，并从西翼设定路线。他们写道:“在国会采取行动从官僚和白宫手中夺回自己的权力之前，行政国家不会有任何作为。”。“与此同时，一个勇敢的保守派总统可以使用许多行政工具来铐上官僚机构，并让行政国家就范。”
特朗普:这位前总统希望结束政府多元化项目，利用联邦资金作为杠杆，他将针对现有的对性少数群体个人的保护。在变性人的权利上，他承诺结束“男孩参加女孩的运动”，他坚持认为这种做法在没有证据的情况下非常普遍。特朗普将推翻拜登将第九条公民权利保护延伸至跨性别学生的政策，并要求国会只允许出生时有两种性别选择。
项目2025:政府应该“申明儿童需要并应该得到母亲的爱和养育以及父亲的玩耍和保护。”这一理念贯穿于2025项目，该项目以狭隘的传统主义术语定义了理想的家庭和个人。作者设想在司法部民权司内整合联邦民权工作，只有通过诉讼才能强制执行。这将有效地将如何以及何时实施民权法的选择权集中在司法部长手中，进而集中在白宫手中。
特朗普:教育部将是被清除的目标。这并不意味着特朗普希望华盛顿离开教室。在其他演习中，他将利用联邦拨款作为杠杆，取消各级教育的多样性项目，并迫使K-12学校废除终身教职，采用教师绩效工资。他呼吁从“任何向我们的孩子推广批判性种族理论、性别意识形态或其他不恰当的种族、性或政治内容的学校或项目”中撤资。
特朗普呼吁将大学的捐赠资金转向在线“美国学院”免费向所有美国人提供大学文凭。特朗普在2023年11月1日说:“这将严格是非政治性的，不允许有wokeness或圣战主义。”
项目2025:国会应该“关闭”教育部，“将教育控制权还给各州，”项目2025认为，这呼应了特朗普的观点，即美国教育基础设施强加了进步的灌输。作者建议，除其他事项外，取消开端计划，将标题I计划转变为整体拨款，并最终逐步取消联邦资助，并利用税法激励家庭儿童保育，这是共和党副总统候选人万斯倡导的。
特朗普:特朗普错误地声称气候变化是一个“骗局”，因为他贬低拜登在清洁能源上的支出，旨在减少美国对化石燃料的依赖。特朗普将把能源和交通政策锚定在化石燃料上:道路、桥梁和内燃机汽车。特朗普表示，他不反对电动汽车，但承诺结束鼓励电动汽车市场发展的激励措施。他会降低燃油效率标准。
项目2025:该文件批评拜登政府的“气候狂热”。它提议关闭或限制许多环境保护和监管项目，包括许多美国人认为理所当然的项目。其中包括:2025年项目将取消的国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)，以及国家气象局(National Weather Service)，该文件将指导其专门向私人预报员出售天气数据。这将使国家飓风中心保持原位——尽管NHC依赖国家气象局进行预报。该计划不会废除像《清洁空气法案》和《清洁水法》这样的法律，但其监管和官僚机构的削减会减少它们的影响范围。
特朗普:与美国自二战以来相比，他的战略在外交上更加孤立主义，在军事上不干预，在经济上更加保护主义。但是细节更复杂。特朗普承诺军事扩张承诺增加五角大楼的开支，并提出导弹防御系统——这是里根时代的想法。他坚持认为他可以结束俄罗斯在乌克兰的战争和以色列-哈马斯的战斗，尽管他没有解释如何结束。他仍然公开批评北约和美国军方高层。“我不认为他们是领导者，”他说。他还一再赞扬像匈牙利的维克多·欧尔班和俄国的弗拉基米尔·普京这样的独裁者。
项目2025:这份文件呼应了特朗普的观点，呼吁在国际关系中“严厉的爱”——但与特朗普有所区别。在军事准备方面，2025项目将减少将军的数量，但增加入伍人员的数量，尽管作者并没有像批评者所说的那样要求重新制定一项草案。“2025项目”在中国的言辞上可能比特朗普更激进:“与中国的经济接触应该结束，而不是重新思考，”前言说。
在北约问题上，该蓝图呼应了特朗普对其他成员国为自身防务支付更多费用的强调，但它没有特朗普多年来预测的北约联盟固有的怀疑态度。尽管特朗普坚决拒绝批评普京入侵乌克兰，但2025项目指出:“不管观点如何，各方都认为普京入侵乌克兰是不公正的，乌克兰人民有权捍卫自己的家园。”
Trump's protests aside, his agenda has plenty of overlap with Project 2025
ATLANTA --ATLANTA (AP) —Donald Trumpinsists that Project 2025, a nearly 1,000-page blueprint for a hard-right turn in American government and society, does not reflect his priorities for a White House encore.
“I haven’t read it. I don’t want to read it — purposefully,” the Republican presidential nominee said Sept. 10 on thedebate stage.
Yet from economics, immigration and education policy to civil rights and foreign affairs, there are common ideas and shared ideology betweenProject 2025and Trump's outline for another term — from his official“Agenda 47”slate, the Republican platform he personally approved and his other statements.
There are also differences: Project 2025, led by the Heritage Foundation and written by many conservatives who worked in or with Trump's administration, offers more particulars on some issues than the former president.
Here's a look at how Trump's 2024 campaign and Project 2025 align and deviate:
TRUMP: His tax policies lean broadly toward corporations and wealthier Americans. That’s mostly due to his promise to extend his 2017 overhaul while lowering the corporate rate to 15% from the current 21%. He also would end Inflation Reduction Act levies that are financing energy measures intended to combat climate change. Those ideas aside, Trump has put more emphasis on his plans aimed at working- and middle-class Americans: exempting earned tips, Social Security payments and overtime wages from income taxes. His proposal on tips, however, could give a back-door tax break to top wage earners by allowing them to reclassify some pay as tip income — a prospect that, at its most extreme, could see hedge-fund managers or top attorneys taking advantage of a provision Trump frames as an aid to restaurant servers, bartenders and other service workers.
PROJECT 2025: The document goes further than Trump, calling for two federal income tax rates — 15% and 30% — while eliminating most deductions and credits. It envisions a “nearly flat tax on wage income beyond the standard deduction” by adjusting what income is subjected to the payroll taxes that pay for Social Security and Medicare. An effectively flat tax federally would increase the overall share of taxes paid by poorer and middle-class Americans. That’s because many state and local tax codes, anchored by transactional taxes and flatter income taxes, are more regressive than current federal income tax brackets. Project 2025 also calls for requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress to raise corporate or individual income taxes in the future.
TRUMP: “Build the wall!” from 2016 has become creating “the largest mass deportation program in history.” Trump calls for enlisting National Guard and police, though he's not said how he'd ensure they target only people in the U.S. illegally. He has pitched “ideological screening” for would-be entrants and ending birthright citizenship (which likely would require a constitutional change). He has also said he’d reinstitute first-term policies such as “Remain in Mexico,” limiting migrants on public health grounds and severely limiting or banning entrants from certain majority-Muslim nations. In full, his approach would not just crack down on illegal migration but also limit immigration altogether.
PROJECT 2025: There is a litany of detailed proposals for various U.S. immigration statutes, executive branch rules and agreements with other countries — reducing the number of refugees, work visa recipients and asylum seekers, for example. Perhaps the most instructive statement from Project 2025 is its call to reinstate “every rule related to immigration that was issued” during Trump’s 2017-2021 term.
TRUMP: He frames regulatory cuts as an economic cure-all. He pledges precipitous drops in U.S. households’ utility bills by removing speed bumps for fossil fuel production, including opening all federal lands for exploration. (U.S. energy production and exports are at record highs under President Joe Biden.) Trump promises to boost housing stock by cutting regulations, though most construction rules come from state and local governments.
Two broad proposals and ideas stand out: The first would make it easier to fire federal workers by classifying thousands more of them as being outside civil service protections. That almost certainly would weaken the government’s power to enforce statutes and rules by reducing the number of employees engaging in the work. The second is Trump’s assertion that the president has exclusive power to control federal spending despite Congress' appropriations power. Trump argues that lawmakers “set a ceiling” on spending but not a floor — meaning the president’s constitutional duty to “faithfully execute the laws” grants him discretion on whether to spend the money.
PROJECT 2025: The authors make scores of calls for the president, Cabinet and other political appointees to slash regulations, reclassify federal employees to make them easier to fire, reduce “unaccountable federal spending” and set a course from the West Wing. “The Administrative State is not going anywhere until Congress acts to retrieve its own power from bureaucrats and the White House,” they write. “In the meantime, there are many executive tools a courageous conservative president can use to handcuff the bureaucracy (and) bring the Administrative State to heel.”
TRUMP: The former president wants to end government diversity programs, using federal funding as leverage, and he would target existing protections for LGBTQ individuals. On transgender rights, he promises to end “boys in girls’ sports,” a practice he insists, without evidence, is rampant. Trump would reverse Biden’s extension of Title IX civil rights protections to transgender students and ask Congress to allow only two gender choices at birth.
PROJECT 2025: Government should “affirm that children require and deserve both the love and nurturing of a mother and the play and protection of a father.” That philosophy permeates Project 2025, which defines the ideal family — and individual — in narrow, traditionalist terms. Authors envision consolidating federal civil rights efforts within the Justice Department’s civil rights division, with enforcement coming only through litigation. That effectively would concentrate the choice of how and when to enforce civil rights law with the attorney general — and, by extension, the White House.
TRUMP: The Department of Education would be targeted for elimination. That does not mean Trump wants Washington out of classrooms.Among other maneuvers,he would use federal appropriations as leverage to scrap diversity programs at all levels of education and compel K-12 schools to abolish tenure and adopt merit pay for teachers. He calls for pulling money from “any school or program pushing Critical Race Theory, gender ideology, or other inappropriate racial, sexual, or political content on our children.”
Trump calls for redirecting universities' endowment money into an online “American Academy”offering college credentials to all Americans without charging tuition. “It will be strictly non-political, and there will be no wokeness or jihadism allowed,” Trump said on Nov. 1, 2023.
PROJECT 2025: Congress should “shutter” the Department of Education and “return control of education to the states,” Project 2025 argues, echoing Trump’s argument that U.S. educational infrastructure imposes progressive indoctrination. The authors propose, among other things, eliminating the Head Start program, turning the Title I program into block grants and eventually phasing out that federal financing, and using the tax code to incentivize at-home child care, something GOP vice presidential nominee JD Vance advocates.
TRUMP: Trump claims falsely that climate change is a “hoax” as he disparages Biden spending on cleaner energy designed to reduce U.S. reliance on fossil fuels. Trump would anchor energy and transportation policy to fossil fuels: roads, bridges and combustion-engine vehicles. Trump says he does not oppose electric vehicles but promises to end incentives that encourage EV-market development. And he would lower fuel efficiency standards.
PROJECT 2025: The document criticizes the Biden administration’s "climate fanaticism.” It proposes closing or limiting many programs for environmental protection and regulation, including those many Americans take for granted. Among them: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which Project 2025 would eliminate, and the National Weather Service, which the document would steer toward exclusively selling weather data to private forecasters. It would leave the National Hurricane Center in place — though NHC depends on the National Weather Service to make forecasts. The plan would not repeal laws like the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act, but its regulatory and bureaucracy cuts would reduce their reach.
TRUMP: His strategy is more isolationist diplomatically, noninterventionist militarily and protectionist economically than the U.S. has been since World War II. But the details are more complicated. Trump pledgesmilitary expansion, promises robust Pentagon spending and proposes a missile defense shield — an idea from the Reagan era. He insists he can end Russia’s war in Ukraine and Israel-Hamas fighting, though he has not explained how. He remains openly critical of NATO and top U.S. military brass. “I don’t consider them leaders,” he says. And he repeatedly praises authoritarians like Hungary’s Viktor Orban and Russia’s Vladimir Putin.
PROJECT 2025: Echoing Trump’s vibe, the document calls for “tough love” in international relations — but with distinctions from Trump. On military preparedness, Project 2025 would curtail the number of generals but expand the number of enlisted personnel, though the authors do not call for reinstituting a draft, as critics have alleged. Project 2025 is perhaps even more aggressive than Trump in its China rhetoric: “Economic engagement with China should be ended, not rethought,” the foreword states.
On NATO, the blueprint echoes Trump’s emphasis on other member nations paying more for their own defense, but it does not carry the inherent skepticism of NATO alliances that Trump has projected for years. And while Trump steadfastly refuses to criticize Putin for invading Ukraine, Project 2025 states: “Regardless of viewpoints, all sides agree that Putin’s invasion of Ukraine is unjust and that the Ukrainian people have a right to defend their homeland.”
